Diatomaceous Earth: Health Benefits, Uses, and Safety Guide

Diatomaceous earth has gained significant attention in recent years as a natural supplement and household product. Made from the fossilized remains of tiny aquatic organisms, this fine powder is claimed to offer numerous health benefits, though scientific evidence remains limited. Understanding what diatomaceous earth is, how it works, and its potential applications can help you make informed decisions about its use.

What Is Diatomaceous Earth?

Diatomaceous earth is a naturally occurring sedimentary rock that crumbles into a fine, off-white powder. It consists of the microscopic fossilized remains of diatoms—single-celled algae that lived in oceans and lakes millions of years ago. These ancient organisms had hard shells made of silica, a naturally occurring substance found throughout nature.

When diatoms died, their silica-based skeletons accumulated on the ocean floor over millions of years, eventually forming large deposits of diatomaceous earth. Today, these deposits are mined and processed for various commercial, industrial, and personal uses.

The composition of diatomaceous earth is primarily silica, typically containing between 87% and 94% of this compound, along with trace minerals and small amounts of iron oxide. This high silica content is what makes diatomaceous earth unique and gives it many of its distinctive properties.

Types of Diatomaceous Earth

Not all diatomaceous earth is created equal. There are two main types, distinguished by their crystalline silica content:

Food Grade Diatomaceous Earth

Food-grade diatomaceous earth contains less than 2% crystalline silica and is considered safe for human consumption and use around food products. This type is commonly used as a dietary supplement, food additive, and natural pest control agent. It meets safety standards set by regulatory agencies for food and agricultural applications.

Filter Grade Diatomaceous Earth

Filter-grade (also called industrial-grade) diatomaceous earth contains approximately 60% crystalline silica. This type is toxic to mammals and should never be consumed or used around food. It’s primarily used in industrial settings for water filtration, explosives production, and other commercial applications. The high crystalline silica content makes this variety dangerous if inhaled or ingested.

Important: Always ensure you’re using food-grade diatomaceous earth if you plan to use it as a supplement or around your home. Check product labels carefully and purchase from reputable sources.

Common Uses of Diatomaceous Earth

Diatomaceous earth appears in thousands of consumer and industrial products due to its unique properties, including absorption, filtration, anti-caking, and abrasive characteristics.

Industrial and Commercial Applications

In industrial settings, diatomaceous earth serves multiple purposes:

• Water filtration systems for pools and drinking water
• Food manufacturing as an anti-caking agent
• Absorbent material for chemical spills
• Production of paints, plastics, and rubber products
• Manufacturing of ceramics, paper, and electronics
• Ingredient in insulation materials

Personal Care Products

You may encounter diatomaceous earth in various personal hygiene products, including:

• Toothpaste and teeth whitening products
• Facial cleansers and exfoliating scrubs
• Hair care products
• Deodorants and body powders
• Bath salts and soaps
• Skin moisturizers

Diatomaceous Earth as a Natural Pest Control

One of the most popular uses of food-grade diatomaceous earth is as a natural insecticide. It offers a chemical-free alternative to conventional pest control methods and is registered for use against various household pests.

How It Works

Diatomaceous earth kills insects through a mechanical rather than chemical process. The microscopic sharp edges of the diatom particles damage the waxy protective coating on insects’ exoskeletons. This causes the insects to lose moisture rapidly and die from dehydration, typically within 48 hours of exposure.

Effective Against Multiple Pests

Research shows that diatomaceous earth can effectively control:

• Bed bugs
• Cockroaches
• Fleas and ticks
• Ants
• Spiders
• Crickets
• Silverfish
• Certain stored grain pests

When using diatomaceous earth for pest control, apply a thin layer in areas where insects travel or hide. The powder remains effective as long as it stays dry. Many people prefer this method because it doesn’t involve synthetic chemicals and poses minimal risk to pets and children when used properly.

Potential Health Benefits of Diatomaceous Earth

Proponents of diatomaceous earth claim it offers various health benefits when taken as a dietary supplement. However, it’s important to note that scientific research supporting these claims is extremely limited.

Silica and Bone Health

Silicon, the non-oxidized form of silica, is a trace mineral found in the human body. Some research suggests that adequate silicon intake may support bone density and skeletal health. Silicon appears to play a role in collagen synthesis and bone mineralization, potentially contributing to stronger bones.

Small studies have examined whether silica supplementation affects bone health, with some suggesting that 25-50 mg of silicon daily might offer modest benefits. However, researchers emphasize that more rigorous studies are needed to confirm these effects and determine optimal dosing.

Skin, Hair, and Nail Health

Silicon is naturally present in connective tissues throughout the body, including skin, hair, and nails. This has led to claims that diatomaceous earth supplementation might improve the appearance and strength of these tissues. While silica is indeed a component of collagen and other structural proteins, limited scientific evidence supports the idea that oral supplementation with diatomaceous earth enhances skin, hair, or nail quality.

Cholesterol Management

A small study from 1998 examined the effects of diatomaceous earth supplementation on cholesterol levels. Nineteen participants with elevated cholesterol took the supplement three times daily for eight weeks. Results showed:

• Total cholesterol decreased by approximately 13%
• LDL cholesterol and triglycerides showed slight reductions
• HDL cholesterol increased modestly

However, this study had significant limitations. It lacked a control group, making it impossible to determine whether the observed changes resulted from the supplement or other factors. No follow-up research has been conducted to verify these findings. Much more robust research would be needed before drawing conclusions about diatomaceous earth’s effects on cholesterol.

Detoxification Claims

Perhaps the most common claim about diatomaceous earth is that it can “detoxify” the body by removing toxins from the digestive tract. This claim stems from diatomaceous earth’s industrial use as a filtration medium for removing impurities from water.

However, no scientific evidence supports the idea that diatomaceous earth provides detoxification benefits in humans. The human body has sophisticated detoxification systems—primarily the liver, kidneys, and digestive system—that naturally eliminate waste products and toxins. These organs don’t require assistance from supplements to function properly.

While some laboratory research suggests silica can bind to certain substances, there’s no evidence this property translates to meaningful detoxification effects in the human digestive system.

How to Use Diatomaceous Earth Safely

If you decide to try diatomaceous earth, following proper safety guidelines is essential to avoid potential risks.

Taking It as a Supplement

When using food-grade diatomaceous earth as a dietary supplement:

• Start with a small amount (1/2 to 1 teaspoon) mixed in water or juice
• Take it on an empty stomach, at least one hour before or after meals
• Drink plenty of water throughout the day to stay hydrated
• Consider starting with a few days per week rather than daily use
• Consult a healthcare professional before beginning supplementation, especially if you have existing health conditions or take medications

Using It for Pest Control

When applying diatomaceous earth for insect control:

• Wear a dust mask to avoid inhalation
• Apply in well-ventilated areas
• Use a light dusting rather than thick piles
• Focus on areas where insects travel, such as baseboards, entry points, and behind appliances
• Keep it dry for maximum effectiveness
• Reapply after cleaning or if it gets wet

Safety Concerns and Side Effects

While food-grade diatomaceous earth is generally recognized as safe for consumption, certain precautions are necessary.

Inhalation Risks

The most significant danger associated with diatomaceous earth is inhalation. Breathing in the fine particles can irritate the respiratory system and lungs. More seriously, prolonged exposure to crystalline silica dust can cause silicosis, a serious lung disease characterized by inflammation and scarring of lung tissue.

Silicosis typically develops after years of occupational exposure in people who work with rock, sand, or mineral products. However, it’s wise to minimize any exposure to avoid irritation and potential long-term effects. Always use diatomaceous earth in well-ventilated areas and consider wearing a dust mask during application.

Digestive Effects

Food-grade diatomaceous earth passes through the digestive system without being absorbed into the bloodstream. Most people tolerate it well, but some may experience:

• Mild digestive discomfort
• Increased thirst (due to its absorbent properties)
• Changes in bowel movements

These effects are typically mild and temporary. If you experience persistent or severe symptoms, discontinue use and consult a healthcare provider.

Skin Contact

Diatomaceous earth has abrasive properties that can irritate skin with prolonged contact. While many skin care products contain processed forms of silica that are safe for topical use, applying raw diatomaceous earth powder directly to skin may cause:

• Dryness and irritation
• Minor cuts or abrasions
• Redness or rash in sensitive individuals

If using products containing diatomaceous earth on your skin, choose formulations specifically designed for topical application rather than pure powder.

Who Should Avoid Diatomaceous Earth?

Certain individuals should exercise caution or avoid diatomaceous earth entirely:

• Pregnant and nursing women: Insufficient research exists on safety during pregnancy and lactation
• Children: Limited data on appropriate dosing and safety in pediatric populations
• People with respiratory conditions: Those with asthma, COPD, or other lung diseases should avoid potential inhalation
• Individuals with kidney disease: Consult a healthcare provider before use, as the mineral content could affect kidney function
• People taking medications: Diatomaceous earth might interfere with medication absorption; discuss timing with your doctor

Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement, including diatomaceous earth. They can help you determine whether it’s appropriate for your individual situation and advise on proper usage.

What Does the Research Say?

Despite widespread marketing claims, scientific research on diatomaceous earth as a health supplement is remarkably sparse. The vast majority of available research focuses on its industrial applications and use as an insecticide rather than human health effects.

The limited human studies that do exist have significant methodological limitations, including small sample sizes, lack of control groups, and short duration. This makes it impossible to draw firm conclusions about effectiveness or safety for long-term use.

More rigorous, peer-reviewed research is needed to:

• Verify claimed health benefits
• Determine optimal dosing
• Identify potential long-term side effects
• Understand interactions with medications and health conditions
• Compare effectiveness to established treatments

Until such research exists, health professionals remain cautious about recommending diatomaceous earth for medical purposes.

Choosing Quality Diatomaceous Earth Products

If you decide to purchase diatomaceous earth, product quality matters significantly for safety and effectiveness.

Look for Food-Grade Certification

Ensure any product you plan to consume or use around your home is clearly labeled as “food grade.” This designation indicates it meets safety standards for low crystalline silica content.

Check for Purity

Quality diatomaceous earth should be:

• Fresh water sourced (preferred over salt water sources)
• Free from additives, pesticides, or contaminants
• Tested for heavy metals
• Properly processed and packaged to maintain purity

Consider the Source

Purchase from reputable manufacturers who:

• Provide detailed product information
• Offer transparency about sourcing and processing
• Have positive customer reviews
• Comply with relevant safety regulations

Alternatives to Consider

If you’re interested in diatomaceous earth for its claimed health benefits, you might also consider alternatives with more robust scientific support:

For bone health: Calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, and vitamin K2 have well-established roles in maintaining bone density. Weight-bearing exercise also significantly benefits skeletal health.

For cholesterol management: Dietary changes, regular exercise, soluble fiber supplementation, and plant sterols have proven effectiveness. If you have high cholesterol, work with a healthcare provider to develop an evidence-based treatment plan.

For pest control: Other natural options include boric acid, essential oils, diatomaceous earth remains one of the safest mechanical insecticides available.

For general wellness: Focus on proven health fundamentals: balanced nutrition, regular physical activity, adequate sleep, stress management, and maintaining social connections.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is diatomaceous earth safe for pets?

Food-grade diatomaceous earth is generally considered safe for use around pets and can even be used to control fleas in pet bedding. Some pet owners add small amounts to pet food to address internal parasites, though you should consult a veterinarian before doing so. As with humans, avoid allowing pets to inhale the dust.

How long does diatomaceous earth take to work as an insecticide?

Insects typically die within 24-48 hours of contact with diatomaceous earth, though it may take up to a week to see significant reduction in pest populations. Effectiveness depends on the insect making direct contact with the powder and environmental factors like humidity.

Can I use diatomaceous earth in my garden?

Yes, food-grade diatomaceous earth can be used in gardens as a natural pest deterrent. Apply it around plants to protect against slugs, beetles, and other crawling insects. However, it becomes ineffective when wet and may need reapplication after rain or watering.

Will diatomaceous earth harm beneficial insects?

Unfortunately, diatomaceous earth doesn’t discriminate between harmful and beneficial insects. It can harm pollinators like bees and beneficial predators like ladybugs if they come into contact with it. Apply carefully and avoid flowers and areas where beneficial insects are active.

How should I store diatomaceous earth?

Store diatomaceous earth in a cool, dry place in an airtight container. Keep it away from moisture, as dampness reduces its effectiveness for pest control. When stored properly, it has an indefinite shelf life.

The Bottom Line

Diatomaceous earth is a naturally occurring substance with proven industrial and pest control applications. Its use as a dietary supplement for health benefits is less well-supported by scientific evidence. While generally considered safe when food-grade products are used properly, the health claims surrounding diatomaceous earth far exceed what current research can substantiate.

If you’re considering diatomaceous earth for its potential health benefits, maintain realistic expectations. It’s not a miracle cure, and more established approaches to health improvement should take priority. For pest control purposes, it offers a relatively safe, chemical-free option when used with appropriate precautions.

Most importantly, consult with a healthcare professional before using diatomaceous earth as a supplement, especially if you have existing health conditions, take medications, or are pregnant or nursing. They can provide personalized guidance based on your individual health status and help you make informed decisions about whether this product is appropriate for your needs.

Remember that no supplement can replace the fundamentals of good health: a balanced diet, regular physical activity, adequate sleep, stress management, and preventive healthcare. If you choose to try diatomaceous earth, view it as a complement to—not a substitute for—these essential health practices.

Sources:

• National Center for Biotechnology Information – Silica
• National Pesticide Information Center – Diatomaceous Earth
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry – Toxicological Profile for Silica
• U.S. Geological Survey – Diatomite Statistics and Information
• PubMed – Effects of dietary silicon on cholesterol
• NHS – Silicosis
• Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Food Grade Diatomaceous Earth
• PubMed – Diatomaceous earth as insecticide