Clean 15: The Complete Guide to Low-Pesticide Fruits and Vegetables

When shopping for fresh produce, concerns about pesticide exposure are top of mind for many health-conscious consumers. While organic options are ideal, they’re not always budget-friendly or readily available. That’s where the Clean 15 comes in—a scientifically-backed guide to help you make informed decisions about which conventional produce items are lowest in pesticide residues.

Understanding which fruits and vegetables have minimal pesticide contamination can help you prioritize your organic purchases and stretch your grocery budget without compromising your family’s health. This comprehensive guide explores the Clean 15 list, the science behind it, and practical tips for reducing pesticide exposure in your diet.

What Is the Clean 15?

The Clean 15 is an annual list published by the Environmental Working Group (EWG), a non-profit environmental health organization. This list identifies 15 conventionally grown fruits and vegetables that consistently test lowest for pesticide residues based on testing conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

Each year, the EWG analyzes data from thousands of produce samples tested by the USDA’s Pesticide Data Program. The organization evaluates these samples using multiple metrics, including:

• Percentage of samples with detectable pesticides
• Number of different pesticides found on a single item
• Average amount of pesticides detected
• Maximum pesticide concentration found

The Clean 15 serves as a companion to the EWG’s Dirty Dozen list, which highlights produce with the highest pesticide contamination. Together, these guides empower consumers to make strategic choices about when to buy organic and when conventional options are acceptable.

Why Pesticide Exposure Matters

While the pesticide residues found on conventional produce are typically below regulatory limits set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), emerging research suggests that long-term exposure to even small amounts of pesticides may pose health risks.

Studies have linked chronic pesticide exposure to various health concerns, including hormonal disruptions, developmental issues in children, reproductive problems, and increased risk of certain diseases. Children, pregnant women, and individuals with compromised immune systems may be particularly vulnerable to pesticide effects.

Beyond human health, pesticide use also affects environmental health, contributing to water contamination, soil degradation, and declining populations of beneficial insects like bees and butterflies that are essential for pollinating our food crops.

However, it’s crucial to remember that the health benefits of eating fruits and vegetables far outweigh the potential risks from pesticide residues. The goal isn’t to avoid produce but to make informed choices that minimize exposure while maximizing nutrition.

The Complete Clean 15 List

Here are the 15 fruits and vegetables that consistently rank lowest in pesticide contamination, listed from lowest to highest pesticide residue levels:

1. Avocados

Topping the Clean 15 list year after year, avocados have remarkably low pesticide contamination. Less than 1% of avocados tested show any detectable pesticide residues. Their thick, protective skin acts as a natural barrier that prevents pesticides from penetrating the edible flesh. Since you peel away the skin before eating, most pesticide exposure is eliminated. Rich in heart-healthy monounsaturated fats, fiber, folate, and vitamins C and K, avocados are a nutritional powerhouse you can confidently buy conventional.

2. Sweet Corn

Sweet corn is another excellent choice for conventional purchase, with less than 2% of samples showing detectable pesticide residues. The protective husk shields the kernels from pesticide exposure during growing. However, note that much of the corn grown in the United States is genetically modified. If you wish to avoid GMO foods, opt for organic or look for non-GMO verified labels.

3. Pineapple

Pineapples earn their spot on the Clean 15 thanks to their thick, spiky skin that provides excellent protection against pesticide penetration. Approximately 90% of pineapples tested have no detectable pesticide residues. The inedible outer layer is removed before consumption, further reducing any potential exposure. This tropical fruit is an excellent source of vitamin C, manganese, and bromelain, an enzyme with anti-inflammatory properties.

4. Onions

Fewer than 10% of onion samples show detectable pesticide residues, making them a safe conventional choice. Onions are tested after removing the outer papery layers, which helps eliminate much of any surface contamination. Interestingly, organic onions tend to have higher levels of beneficial flavonols—antioxidant compounds that protect heart health—but conventional onions still offer significant nutritional benefits.

5. Papaya

Around 80% of papayas tested contain no detectable pesticide residues. The skin helps shield the flesh from pesticide exposure, and since most people don’t eat papaya skin, contamination is minimal. It’s worth noting that many Hawaiian papayas are genetically modified to resist ringspot virus. If avoiding GMOs is important to you, choose organic papaya. This tropical fruit is exceptionally high in vitamin C and digestive enzymes.

6. Frozen Sweet Peas

Approximately 80% of frozen sweet peas show no detectable pesticide residues. The pea pod provides natural protection during growing, and since sweet peas are shelled before consumption (and before testing), pesticide exposure is significantly reduced. Sweet peas are an excellent source of plant-based protein, fiber, and vitamins A, C, and K.

7. Eggplant

About 75% of eggplant samples are free from pesticide residues, despite being tested with the skin on. Eggplants have naturally thick skin that provides some protection against pesticide penetration. Even samples with detectable residues typically contain no more than three different pesticides. Eggplant’s meaty texture and mild flavor make it a versatile vegetable for various cuisines.

8. Asparagus

Roughly 90% of asparagus examined shows no detectable pesticides. This vegetable contains a natural enzyme that may help break down certain pesticides, contributing to its low contamination levels. Asparagus is tested after removing the woody bottom portion and rinsing, which further reduces residues. It’s an excellent source of folate, fiber, and vitamins A, C, and K.

9. Broccoli

About 70% of broccoli samples are pesticide-free, partly because broccoli produces glucosinolates—natural compounds that deter many insects, reducing the need for heavy pesticide application. These same compounds provide anti-cancer benefits for humans. Broccoli is exceptionally high in vitamin C, vitamin K, and numerous beneficial plant compounds.

10. Cabbage

Approximately 86% of cabbage samples contain no detectable pesticide residues. Like broccoli, cabbage produces natural insect-repelling compounds that minimize the need for pesticide treatment. Only 0.3% of samples show more than one type of pesticide. Cabbage is rich in vitamins C and K and provides anti-inflammatory benefits.

11. Kiwi

Around 65% of kiwis test free from pesticide residues. While kiwi skin is fuzzy, it’s actually edible and nutritious, so samples are tested unpeeled. Among those with residues, up to six different pesticides may be present, but levels remain low. Kiwis are outstanding sources of vitamin C, providing more than 100% of daily needs in just one fruit.

12. Cauliflower

Half of all cauliflower samples show no detectable pesticide residues, and those with residues never contain more than three different pesticides. Cauliflower is an excellent source of vitamin C and contains cancer-fighting compounds similar to other cruciferous vegetables. Its mild flavor and versatile texture make it a popular low-carb substitute for rice and pizza crust.

13. Cantaloupe

Over 60% of cantaloupes tested are free from pesticide residues, with only 10% of contaminated samples showing more than one pesticide type. The thick, netted rind provides substantial protection for the flesh. Always wash and scrub cantaloupe thoroughly before cutting, not just to reduce pesticide residues but to prevent bacterial contamination that can occur on the rind.

14. Mushrooms

Mushrooms consistently rank among the cleanest produce items, with the majority of samples showing minimal pesticide contamination. Since mushrooms are fungi rather than plants, they require different growing conditions and pest management approaches. Many mushrooms are grown indoors in controlled environments, further reducing pesticide exposure.

15. Honeydew Melon

About 50% of honeydew melons tested contain no detectable pesticide residues. The thick rind protects the sweet flesh from pesticide penetration. Among contaminated samples, no more than four different pesticides are typically found. Honeydew is hydrating, potassium-rich, and an excellent source of vitamin C.

How the Clean 15 Is Determined

The methodology behind the Clean 15 is rigorous and transparent. The EWG relies primarily on the USDA’s Pesticide Data Program, which tests thousands of produce samples annually. Before testing, samples are prepared as consumers would prepare them—washed, peeled, or both, depending on how the item is typically consumed.

The organization calculates scores based on six key metrics:

• Percentage of samples with detectable pesticides
• Percentage of samples with two or more pesticides
• Average number of pesticides found on samples
• Average amount of pesticides detected
• Maximum number of pesticides found on a single sample
• Total number of different pesticides found on the crop

Produce items with the lowest combined scores across these metrics make it onto the Clean 15 list. The rankings can shift slightly from year to year based on new data, but many items consistently appear on the list.

Smart Shopping Strategies Using the Clean 15

Understanding the Clean 15 can help you maximize your grocery budget while minimizing pesticide exposure. Here are practical strategies for shopping smarter:

Prioritize Your Organic Purchases

If budget constraints prevent you from buying all organic produce, focus your organic dollars on items from the Dirty Dozen list—those highest in pesticides. Feel confident buying conventional options from the Clean 15 list, where pesticide residues are minimal.

Consider the Entire Picture

While pesticide residues on the final product matter, also consider environmental impact. Some Clean 15 items may have low residues on the fruit but require heavy pesticide use that affects farmworkers, soil health, and nearby ecosystems. When possible, support organic and sustainable farming practices.

Don’t Skip Produce Due to Pesticide Fears

The most important message is this: eating fruits and vegetables, whether organic or conventional, is far better for your health than avoiding them due to pesticide concerns. The nutritional benefits of produce consumption significantly outweigh the potential risks from pesticide residues.

Shop Seasonally and Locally

Local, in-season produce often requires fewer pesticides than items shipped long distances or grown out of season. Visit farmers markets and ask growers about their practices. Many small farms use minimal pesticides even if not certified organic.

Additional Ways to Reduce Pesticide Exposure

Beyond choosing items from the Clean 15 list, several practices can further minimize your pesticide exposure:

Wash All Produce Thoroughly

Always rinse fruits and vegetables under running water for at least 20 seconds, even items you plan to peel. Use a clean produce brush for firm produce like melons, potatoes, and cucumbers. Washing can remove some surface pesticide residues, dirt, and bacteria.

Peel When Appropriate

Peeling removes pesticide residues along with the outer layer, though it also eliminates some nutrients and fiber. For items on the Dirty Dozen list, peeling may be worthwhile, but it’s less necessary for Clean 15 produce.

Soak Certain Produce

Soaking leafy greens and berries in a solution of water with a small amount of baking soda for a few minutes may help remove additional pesticide residues. Rinse thoroughly afterward.

Trim Outer Leaves

For leafy vegetables like lettuce and cabbage, discard the outermost leaves, which typically have the highest pesticide exposure.

Eat a Variety of Produce

Consuming diverse fruits and vegetables not only provides a broader spectrum of nutrients but also prevents overexposure to any single pesticide, as different crops are treated with different chemicals.

Understanding Pesticide Regulations

It’s important to understand that pesticide use in agriculture is regulated, though perspectives differ on whether current regulations are sufficient. The EPA sets tolerance levels—maximum residue limits for pesticides on food crops. These limits include safety margins intended to protect public health, including vulnerable populations like children.

The vast majority of produce tested, including items not on the Clean 15 list, falls below EPA tolerance levels. However, critics argue that regulations may not adequately account for cumulative exposure to multiple pesticides, long-term low-dose effects, or impacts on particularly sensitive individuals.

The Clean 15 provides an additional layer of consumer choice beyond regulatory compliance, allowing people to further minimize exposure if they wish.

The Nutritional Benefits of Clean 15 Produce

Beyond their low pesticide profiles, Clean 15 fruits and vegetables offer impressive nutritional benefits:

Rich in Essential Vitamins

Many Clean 15 items are excellent sources of vitamins C, K, and A, which support immune function, blood clotting, vision, and skin health. Just one serving of broccoli, kiwi, or cantaloupe can provide your entire daily vitamin C requirement.

High in Dietary Fiber

Avocados, sweet peas, and cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and cauliflower provide substantial fiber, promoting digestive health, blood sugar control, and satiety.

Packed with Antioxidants

Many Clean 15 items contain powerful antioxidants that combat oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially reducing risk of chronic diseases. Onions offer quercetin, while broccoli and cabbage provide glucosinolates.

Provide Healthy Fats

Avocados are unique among produce for their high content of monounsaturated fats, which support heart health and help your body absorb fat-soluble vitamins from other foods.

Limitations of the Clean 15

While the Clean 15 is a valuable tool, it’s important to understand its limitations:

Testing Scope

The USDA doesn’t test for all pesticides used in agriculture. Some newer chemicals or those used less commonly may not be included in analyses. Additionally, testing for glyphosate (Roundup) is limited, despite its widespread use.

Environmental Impact Not Included

The Clean 15 focuses solely on residues in the final product, not on environmental or farmworker impacts of pesticide use during growing. A crop may have low residues but still require significant pesticide application that affects ecosystems.

Variation in Growing Practices

Pesticide use can vary by region, season, and individual farm practices. The Clean 15 represents averages across many samples and may not reflect every batch of produce you purchase.

GMO Considerations

The list doesn’t specifically address genetically modified crops. Some Clean 15 items, like sweet corn and papaya, may be GMO. If avoiding GMOs is important to you, look for organic or non-GMO verified labels.

Special Considerations for Families

Parents often have heightened concerns about pesticide exposure for their children, and for good reason. Children’s developing bodies may be more vulnerable to chemical exposures, and they consume more food relative to their body weight than adults.

The Clean 15 can be particularly helpful for families, allowing you to feel confident about serving conventional produce items that kids commonly eat, like sweet corn, frozen peas, and melons. This makes it easier to ensure children get the fruits and vegetables they need for healthy growth and development without breaking the family budget.

Focus on making produce appealing and accessible for children. The goal is to establish lifelong healthy eating habits, which is more important than perfection regarding organic versus conventional choices.

Frequently Asked Questions About the Clean 15

Is the Clean 15 updated annually?

Yes, the EWG releases updated Clean 15 and Dirty Dozen lists each year, typically in the spring. While many items remain consistent year to year, some rankings may shift based on new testing data.

Should I still wash Clean 15 produce?

Absolutely. Always wash all produce, regardless of whether it’s on the Clean 15 list or organic. Washing removes dirt, bacteria, and some surface pesticide residues, improving food safety.

Are organic versions of Clean 15 items available?

Yes, you can find organic versions of most Clean 15 produce. While not necessary from a pesticide residue perspective, buying organic supports sustainable farming practices and may offer environmental benefits.

Does cooking remove pesticides?

Cooking can reduce some pesticide residues, particularly those on the surface. However, some pesticides are absorbed into the plant and can’t be completely eliminated through cooking. Washing before cooking is still important.

What if I can’t find an item from the Clean 15?

If Clean 15 items aren’t available, remember that all produce provides important health benefits. Don’t avoid fruits and vegetables due to pesticide concerns. Wash thoroughly and enjoy a variety of produce.

Making Informed Choices

The Clean 15 list empowers consumers to make informed decisions that balance health, budget, and environmental concerns. By understanding which conventional produce items are lowest in pesticides, you can strategically allocate your grocery budget, purchasing organic when it matters most and conventional when it’s a safe choice.

Remember that eating abundant fruits and vegetables—whether organic or conventional—is one of the most important things you can do for your health. Don’t let concern about pesticides prevent you from consuming these nutrient-dense foods that protect against heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and numerous other health conditions.

The Clean 15 is a tool for optimization, not perfection. Use it as a guide, but maintain perspective. A diet rich in diverse produce, along with whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, forms the foundation of good health regardless of whether every item is organic.

The Bottom Line

The Clean 15 offers science-based guidance for consumers seeking to minimize pesticide exposure while managing grocery budgets. These 15 fruits and vegetables consistently test lowest for pesticide residues, making them smart choices when organic options aren’t available or affordable.

Items like avocados, sweet corn, pineapple, onions, and cabbage show minimal pesticide contamination in testing, with the majority of samples containing no detectable residues or only trace amounts well below regulatory limits.

By familiarizing yourself with the Clean 15 list and implementing proper washing techniques, you can significantly reduce your pesticide exposure while still enjoying the remarkable health benefits of a produce-rich diet. Make vegetables and fruits the foundation of your meals, choose organic when feasible—especially for the Dirty Dozen items—and feel confident about Clean 15 conventional options.

Your health will benefit far more from eating a variety of fruits and vegetables daily than from avoiding them due to pesticide concerns. Use the Clean 15 as a practical tool to guide smart shopping decisions and support your journey toward optimal health and nutrition.

Sources:

• Environmental Working Group – EWG’s Food News
• USDA Agricultural Marketing Service – Pesticide Data Program
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Pesticide Tolerances
• FDA – Pesticide Residue Monitoring Program
• National Center for Biotechnology Information – PubMed Central